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The First Typed Draft of Franklin D. Roosevelt's War Address
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Background
Early in the afternoon of December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his chief foreign policy aide, Harry Hopkins, were interrupted by a telephone call from Secretary of War Henry Stimson and told that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor. At about 5:00 p.m., following meetings with his military advisers, the President calmly and decisively dictated to his secretary, Grace Tully, a request to Congress for a declaration of war. He had composed the speech in his head after deciding on a brief, uncomplicated appeal to the people of the United States rather than a thorough recitation of Japanese perfidies, as Secretary of State Cordell Hull had urged.
President Roosevelt then revised the typed draft—marking it up, updating military information, and selecting alternative wordings that strengthened the tone of the speech. He made the most significant change in the critical first line, which originally read, 'a date which will live in world history.' Grace Tully then prepared the final reading copy, which Roosevelt subsequently altered in three more places.
On December 8, at 12:30 p.m., Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and the Nation via radio. The Senate responded with a unanimous vote in support of war; only Montana pacifist Jeanette Rankin dissented in the House. At 4:00 p.m. that same afternoon, President Roosevelt signed the declaration of war.
The document featured in this article, the typewritten draft, is housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY.
The Documents
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Annotated Typewritten Copy of What is Commonly Referred to as FDR's'Day of Infamy' Speech
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Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
Speeches of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933-1945
Speeches of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933-1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Signing the Declaration of
War against Japan
December 8, 1941
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Signing the Declaration of
War against Japan
December 8, 1941
Click to Enlarge
National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the United States Senate
Record Group 46
Records of the United States Senate
Record Group 46
Excerpt from the 'Day of Infamy' Radio Address
- AU Format (528K)
- WAV Format, Windows (528K)
- AIFF Format, MacIntosh (528K)
Freeman, Elsie, Wynell Burroughs Schamel and Jean West. 'A Date Which Will Live in Infamy': The First Typed Draft of Franklin D. Roosevelt's War Address.' Social Education 55, 7 (November/December 1991): 467-470.
Live In The D Chuck Gaidica
America is far from having quelled its racism problem. Whether it's treatment by police or susceptibility to poverty, one's skin color can determine a whole range of variables in life.
Particularly, blacks in America face a disproportionate number of social and economic barriers — but the racial problem is not binary. It extends way beyond a white-black disparity, affecting Hispanics, Arabs and a miscellany of other minorities.
These statistics reveal disparate dimensions of racism as it exists in the United States today and are a stark reminder of how far the country needs to go in addressing the problem.
1. Hate crimes are motivated by race more than anything else.
Nearly half of all hate crimes committed in America have to do with race. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 47% of hate crimes are racially motivated. Second place, a tie between religion and sexual orientation, doesn't even come close, accounting for only 19% of hate crimes, respectively.
2. Black men are far more likely to be shot and killed by police than white men.
'Unarmed black men are seven times more likely than whites to die by police gunfire,' the Washington Post reports on police brutality targeted at black Americans. The report estimated that an unarmed black man was shot and killed by police every nine days in 2015.
While the targeting of black men by law enforcement has received considerable media attention in recent years, black women, who are often underrepresented, have faced similar fates of maltreatment.
'Although Black women are routinely killed, raped and beaten by the police, their experiences are rarely foregrounded in popular understandings of police brutality,' Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, co-author and executive director of the African American Policy Forum, said in an AAPF report on law enforcement's treatment of black women. Monkey in the bank casino game.
3. There are active hate groups in every single state.
Hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan or the Aryan Nations, are extremist networks very often motivated by race. White supremacy is at the root of many of these groups, which have not atomized since the civil rights era, when racial segregation ended. In fact, a lot of hate groups are alive and well today, as evidenced by the fact their presence can be found all 50 states.
4. Blacks consistently earn less than whites.
This graph shows between 2008 and 2015, whites have consistently earned more than blacks, with Asians earning the most on average. By 2015, the GDP per capita for whites was $13,260 (not far behind Asians at $13,884), compared to $11,908 for blacks. However, these data only paint a picture of recent history, but the pay gap between whites and blacks and other minorities is a systemic problem, dating back decades.
5. Racial bias is entrenched in mass incarceration.
Around a third of America's population is comprised of people of color, yet they account for nearly two-thirds of the prison population. And one in three black men will go to prison at some point in their lives.
Live In The D Recipes
'It's a system marred by vast racial disparities — one that stigmatizes and targets young black men for arrest at a young age, unfairly punishes communities of color, burdens taxpayers and exacts a tremendous social cost,' the Southern Poverty Law Center explains. 'Today, African-American men who failed to finish high school are more likely to be behind bars than employed.'